Waterloo Research

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Simulation of a Vehicle-to-Grid Station for Heavy-Duty Fuel Cell Electric Trucks
(Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), 2025-10-20) Cetin, Arda Mert; Wu, Xiao-Yu
To combat the continuous increase of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the transportation sector, electric vehicles are starting to be used more such as hydrogen (H2) in fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs). An advantage gained from this solution is to use FCEVs as electricity generation devices in new vehicle-to-grid (V2G) stations. This research aims to model a FCEV-to-grid (FCEV2G) station under different situations and understand the profitability of such a station. The simulations consisted of power generation considering varying FCEV efficiency, hydrogen cycle, participation of FCEV, and a simplified decision-making process. Historic traffic and electricity data of Ontario were used in the analysis. Preliminary results suggested that even under the optimistic assumptions, technologies still need to be improved to make FCEV2G stations economically viable.
Double-Sided Queues and their Applications to Vaccine Inventory Management
(Wiley, 2025) Wu, Haoran; He, Qi-Ming; Erenay, Fatih Safa
We consider a double-sided queueing model with batch Markovian arrival processes (BMAPs) and finite discrete abandonment times, which arises in various stochastic systems such as perishable inventory systems and financial markets. Customers arrive at the system with a batch of orders to be matched by counterparts. While waiting to be matched, customers become impatient and may abandon the system without service. The abandonment time of a customer depends on its batch size and its position in the queue. First, we propose an approach to obtain the stationary joint distribution of age processes via the stationary analysis of a multi-layer Markov modulated fluid flow process. Second, using the stationary joint distribution of the age processes, we derive a number of queueing quantities related to matching rates, fill rates, sojourn times and queue length for both sides of the system. Last, we apply our model to analyze a vaccine inventory system and gain insight into the effect of uncertainty in supply and demand processes on the performance of the inventory system. It is observed that BMAPs are better choices for modeling the supply/demand process in systems with high uncertainty for more accurate performance quantities.
Un théâtre en ‘trois D’ dans l’Ouest canadien
(Erudit, 2018) Nolette, Nicole
Dans cet article, Nicole Nolette explore le potentiel du concept de « différenciation solidaire » pour l’analyse intertextuelle entre les littératures francophones de l’Ontario et de l’Ouest canadien. Les grandes figures des « trois D » de l’Ontario français (Patrice Desbiens, Robert Dickson et Jean Marc Dalpé), rejetées par la génération de Louis Patrick Leroux, réapparaissent dans la dramaturgie de Marc Prescott au Manitoba et de Gilles Poulin-Denis, originaire de la Saskatchewan. Nicole Nolette identifie les traces des trois D dans la langue, la route, la ville minière et les animaux représentés par Prescott et Poulin-Denis pour montrer comment la solidarisation littéraire de l’Ouest et de l’Ontario francophones peut également signifier une différenciation régionale.
Investigating Digital, Tangible, and Paper-Based Room Design at a Small Scale
(Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), 2025-05) Kim, Junhyeok; Hancock, Mark
Miniature representations, like CAD and blueprints, are useful for designing a larger physical space. While experts are trained to use these methods, non-experts often lack this training. Nonetheless, non-experts can benefit from designing with miniature representations, yet their interactions with these tools are not well understood. In our work, we observed participants designing two rooms using three tools: an online planner, pen and paper, and Lego. We collected and analyzed data from the Desirability Toolkit, a semistructured interview, and observations of their design sessions. Our findings suggest that participants found each tool engaging and satisfying for different reasons, but paper more empowering and Lego more familiar, efficient, and unconventional. Participants also suggested that these tools had value at different design stages. We also identified that participants often had difficulty scaling objects to match realistic expectations in the paper and Lego miniature representations.
Gamified Learning About Cryptocurrency: A Survey of Investors’ Attitudes, Concerns, and Expectations towards Learning Cryptocurrency via Video Game-Based Approach
(University of Waterloo, 2023-06) Hadan, Hilda; Zhang-Kennedy, Leah; Nacke, Lennart; Mäkelä, Ville
This report was prepared as a final research report in response to the Mitacs Accelerate Program, in partnering with the Steam Exchange Inc. Cryptocurrency has brought about transformative changes in business practices, leading to a growing prevalence of cryptocurrency trading platforms. However, comprehending the intricacies of cryptocurrency, including mining and trading, can be daunting due to their inherent complexity. Engaging in cryptocurrency trading carries various risks, encompassing technical, legal, and market-related factors, which necessitate investors' comprehensive understanding. Gamification has been actively applied for educational purposes to make learning more engaging, motivating, and fun and consequently achieve better learning outcomes. To support cryptocurrency investors’ learning about cryptocurrency, thereby preparing them for successful crypto-trading, we developed a browser-based game that introduces cryptocurrency and related topics. Through an online survey, we assessed the effectiveness of this gamified learning approach, and we investigated investors’ attitudes, concerns, and needs for learning about cryptocurrency. Overall, participants in the study recognized the potential benefits of game-based learning in improving their understanding of cryptocurrency. Their familiarity with game design elements in educational contexts indicated their acceptance of gamification strategies for learning. Participants, even those with cryptocurrency trading experience, exhibited moderate confidence in their cryptocurrency and blockchain knowledge, highlighting the need for educational interventions to bridge the knowledge gap. Results indicate that the game-based cryptocurrency learning approach has great educational value. Participants highly rated the game's enjoyment and playfulness but emphasized the importance of creating a more immersive and engaging experience to enhance its educational impact. The findings of this research indicate that the current learning game, with necessary improvements, has the great potential to effectively educate learners while offering an enjoyable and motivating learning experience. Based on the research, we identified essential requirements for improving the current learning game for the future. We produced guidelines to support Steam Exchange Inc. in further developing and enhancing this gamified learning approach beyond the project's completion. We also hope that the insights we gained from this research will inform the future design of gamified learning platforms that can meet users’ expectations and address their concerns.
The consequences of high-flexion postures on arterial wave reflections
(Springer Nature, 2025-10-23) Zaheer, Aida; Peckett, Kimberly H.; Pereira, Tania J.; Acker, Stacey M.; Au, Jason S.
Although central wave reflections are critical for aortic pressure regulation, the control mechanisms involved in humans are understudied. This study investigated the impact of upper- and lower-limb high-flexion postures on central arterial wave reflections. Twenty-two healthy adults (11 females, aged 25 ± 3 years) underwent three randomized and counter-balanced positions to evaluate the effect on central wave reflection: supine legs and arms anatomical position; supine two legs bent and arms straight; and supine two arms bent and legs straight. Characteristic impedance, forward and backward pressure waves, and pulse characteristics were measured via the central pressure-flow relationship in the frequency domain at the end of each posture hold. Central diastolic blood pressure increased during arm flexion only (67 ± 9 mmHg vs. 62 ± 9 mmHg; p<0.01). Central systolic blood pressure, augmentation index, forward wave amplitude, reflected wave amplitude, central wave reflection magnitude, and characteristic impedance were unaffected by varying limb flexion positions (all p>0.05). Acutely bending the arms and legs did not influence central wave reflections, likely related to a minimal effect of conduit artery bending, versus microvascular involvement, as suggested in previous studies. These findings underscore the importance of identifying the specific vascular regions responsible for wave reflection generation and support the need to refine central pressure augmentation models to accurately localize the dominant sources of wave reflection in humans.
« Words are not simple play things! » : L’hétérolinguisme théâtral chez Louis Patrick Leroux
(Linguistica Antverpiensia, New Series – Themes in Translation Studies, 2014-09-16) Nolette, Nicole
This article explores how, in the 1990s, Canadian playwright Patrick Leroux broke away from previously prevalent representations of bilingualism in minority Franco-Ontarian drama and made multilingualism and translation into theatrical “play things”. His most playful performance text, Le Rêve totalitaire de dieu l’amibe, features as many games as issues at stake for staging experimental minority theatre. Substractive ideologies around bilingualism are torn apart, heterolingualism is raised and deconstructed like a strange tower of Babel and translation becomes BabelFish-like. L’ombre du lecteur anglais (The shadow of the English reader) and an Anglophone commentator are added to a production that is constantly reworked, retranslated and surtitled. The trajectory of the production from Ottawa to Sudbury (in Ontario) and Saint-Lambert (in Quebec), and then on to Montreal and to Hull, delineates a playground for translation riddled with layers of address to spectators, depending on their level of comprehension of the languages spoken on (and off) stage.
Translated Québec Theatre in the New Millennium: Established Authors and a Few New Trends
(Anglistik: International Journal of English Studies, 2019-02-16) Nolette, Nicole
In 1988, Québec theatre in translation became "awesome" (Conlogue qtd. in Koustas 1995, 98). "Toronto loves Québec," unironically exclaimed the title of a 2012 article in the Québec theatre magazine Jeu (Côté 2012, 49). In another aptly named article, "From 'Homespun' to 'Awesome:' Translated Quebec Theater in Toronto," Jane Koustas chronicles the evolving response to French-Canadian drama by the main target of its translations: English Canada. Critics attending the translation of Gratien Gélinas' Bousille et les justes at the Royal Alexandra in Toronto in 1962, for example, insisted on its "homespun" qualities, "emphasiz[ing] that which conformed to their vision of quaint, rural Quebec while dismissing the larger questions addressed by the play" (Koustas 1995, 86). Paired with indifference or hostility, this response subsisted through the emergence of what Michel Bélair (1973) called nouveau théâtre québécois, which engaged with the sociopolitical specificity of a rapidly modernizing Québec in the vernacular of Montreal's working class, joual. The dialect's mix of French and English, as well as the context embedded within it, caused issues for translators, who struggled to find an equivalent in English (Bosley 1988). The production of Michel Tremblay's Forever Yours, Marie-Lou at the Tarragon Theatre in Toronto in 1972 showed how the nouveau théâtre québécois, whose sociopolitical particularities were considered undigestible to critics, could be read as universal or "Canadian" (Koustas 1995, 93). Perhaps predictably then, critics adopted "a less defensive, more open attitude" (82) in the 1980s, when theatre artists in Québec started to craft work that was considered "more universal" (97) in scope, or more interested in constructing and deconstructing the possibilities of drama, theatre and performance, as well as in producing pieces that could travel internationally, as in the imagistic and multilingual travelling works of Robert Lepage or Gilles Maheu.
Entre traduction et circulation : réciprocités de la World Literature et du théâtre francophone du Canada
(University of Toronto Press, 2020-01-30) Nolette, Nicole
Cet article emboite le pas aux récentes propositions de David Damrosch quant aux perspectives d’avenir de la World Literature. Nous y considérons une conjoncture particulière, celle de la World Literature, de la traductologie et des arts francophones du Canada. L’article envisage d’abord les approches mondialisatrices que les études préalables sur les productions artistiques québécoises et franco-canadiennes ont préconisées avant de considérer ce qui semble demeurer l’angle mort de ces approches, c’est-à-dire la traduction, elle-même au centre de la conception de Damrosch pour la World Literature. Nous ouvrons ensuite la discussion à deux enjeux plus contemporains de la World Literature : l’hypermédialité du théâtre et ses manifestations « ultramineures » au sein des arts québécois et franco-canadiens. Le dialogue instauré entre ces pages s’engage sur le terrain des modalités d’adhésion de la World Literature à des réflexions sur la mondialisation qui, comme l’ont souligné plusieurs critiques postcoloniales, demeurent, en l’absence d’études véritablement « globales », profondément centrées sur les expériences littéraires étatsuniennes. En centrant les propos théoriques de la World Literature sur des enjeux des arts québécois et franco-canadiens souvent invisibilisés par ces premiers, nous proposons leur élargissement aux potentiels interdisciplinaires de la traduction et de la circulation des œuvres théâtrales hypermédiales. Réciproquement, les discours de la World Literature, jusqu’à présent peu représentés dans les études culturelles francophones du Canada, s’y avèrent d’une grande richesse en introduisant des concepts relativement nouveaux et en valorisant des pratiques qui resteraient elles-mêmes relativement sous silence.
Quelques futurités du traduire dans les fictions théâtrales franco-canadiennes
(Oltreoceano: Rivista sulle migrazioni, 2022-01-29) Nolette, Nicole
Cette contribution sur les fictions théâtrales franco-canadiennes aborde les futurités du traduire qui s’y manifestent depuis les années 1990, notamment la vision néo-babélienne d’un monde cybernétique plurilingue et la possibilité d’une traduction automatisée en langue non-standard par une interprète cyborg.
Effects of natural Lithium and Lithium isotopes on voltage gated sodium channel activity in SH-SY5Y and IPSC derived cortical neurons
(Springer Nature, 2025-08-07) Bukhteeva, Irina; Livingstone, James D.; Singh, Kartar; Pavlov, Evgeny V.; Beazely, Michael A.; Gingras, Michel J. P.; Leonenko, Zoya
Although lithium (Li) is a widely used treatment for bipolar disorder, its exact mechanisms of action remain elusive. Research has shown that the two stable Li isotopes, which differ in their mass and nuclear spin, can induce distinct effects in both in vivo and in vitro studies. Since sodium (Na+) channels are the primary pathway for Li+ entry into cells, we examined how Li+ affects the current of Na+ channels using whole-cell patch-clamp techniques on SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells and human iPSCderived cortical neurons. Our findings indicate that mammalian Na+ channels in both neuronal models studied here display no selectivity between Na+ and Li+, unlike previously reported bacterial Na+ channels. We observed differences between the two neuronal models in three measured parameters ( Vhalf , Gmax, z). We saw no statistically significant differences between any ions in SH-SY5Y cells, but small differences in the half-maximum activation potential ( Vhalf ) between Na+ and 6Li+ and between 7Li+ and 6Li+ were found in iPSC-derived cortical neurons. Although Na+ channels are widely expressed and important in neuronal function, the very small differences observed in this work suggest that Li+ regulation through Na+ channels is likely not the primary mechanism underlying Li+ isotope differentiation.
An Experimental-Cohesive Zone Model Approach to Predict Fatigue Life of Adhesive Joints with Varying Modes of Loading and Joint Configurations for Automotive Applications
(Taylor & Francis, 2024-10-03) Ibrahim, Ahmed Hanafy; Watson, Brock; Jahed, Hamid; Rezaee, Saeid; Cronin, Duane
Predictive fatigue life models of adhesive joints are necessary to enable the assessment of automotive bonded structures while reducing costly experimental testing. However, contemporary models have typically been calibrated for specific joint configurations and modes of loading, limiting their applicability to large-scale structures. Additionally, available models are based on simulation of cumulative fatigue cycling, making them computationally prohibitive. In the current study, fatigue experimental tests were undertaken on adhesive joints in cross-tension (CT) (load angles of 0°, 45°, and 90°) and single-lap shear joint (SLJ) configurations. A total of nine joint configurations, having symmetrical (same material and thickness) and asymmetrical (dissimilar material or unequal thickness) joints, were tested. Fatigue tests at load levels between 25-75% of the static peak load were performed until joint failure or to runout (two million load cycles). The static tests of the joints were simulated to failure using finite element (FE) models with the cohesive zone method (CZM). The maximum fracture energy release rates (Gmax) were calculated within the adhesive bond line at static loads corresponding to the peak loads of the fatigue tests. The Gmax values, computed from single cycle, specimen-specific FE simulations, were correlated with the measured fatigue life (Nf) of the adhesive joints with varying modes of loading and joint configurations. The fatigue life prediction model, based on Gmax − Nf correlation, predicted the cycles to failure for 85% of the fatigue tests, and 81% of the independent validation tests. The proposed fatigue life prediction approach provides computational efficiency and large-scale compatibility.
Characterization of the Structural Response of Adhesively Bonded Ultra-High Strength Steel Tubes under a Range of Loading Conditions and Assessment of a Rate Dependent Cohesive Zone Model
(Springer, 2024-02-27) Liu, Brian; Watson, Brock; Worswick, Michael; Cronin, Duane
Weight reduction through the use of adhesive joining in multi-material lightweight structures requires material characterization and substructure level model validation to support CAE design. In this study, automotive-scale structural tubes were created by adhesively joining tailored hot stamped (THS) ultra-high strength steel (UHSS) hat sections using a two-part toughened epoxy adhesive applied to the flanges. A custom fixturing method was developed to achieve consistent bond line thickness for the adhesive joint. The physical tubes were tested in three-point bend, axial crush, and Mode I loading at quasi-static and dynamic loading rates, from which the structural response and failure characteristics were established. The experiments were modeled numerically using a previously developed cohesive zone method (CZM) that had been validated for coupon level tests. In the current work, the CZM model is assessed under structural loading conditions, based on predictions of load-displacement response, peak load, energy absorption, displacement-to-failure, and deformation pattern. In addition, crack extension along the adhesive joint was assessed for the Mode I loading condition. The novel bonding procedure developed for this study resulted in consistent experimental loading response. Generally, the predicted results agreed with experimental results, particularly for the Mode I loading and crack extension behavior. However, the CZM model was not able to accurately predict displacement-to-failure for the three-point bend tests, owing to out-of-plane buckling observed in the experiments. With a few exceptions, the CZM adhesive model based on coupon-level data was able to predict the peak force, displacement-to-failure, and energy absorption of the bonded structural assemblies to within 16% of the average experimental responses.
Integration of Muscle Pre-tension and Activation to Evaluate Neck Muscle Strain Injury Risk during Simulated Rear Impacts Using a Finite Element Neck Model
(SAE International, 2025-02-06) Correia, Matheus; McLachlin, Stewart; Cronin, Duane
Prevention of rear-impact neck injuries remains challenging for safety designers due to a lack of understanding of the tissue-level response and injury risk. Soft tissue injuries have been inferred from clinical, cadaveric, and numerical studies; however, there is a paucity of data for neck muscle injury, commonly reported as muscle pain. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of muscle pre-tension and activation on muscle strain and injury risk resulting from low-severity rear impacts using a detailed finite element head and neck model (HNM). The HNM was extracted from the GHBMC average stature male model and re-postured to match a volunteer study, with measured T1 kinematics applied as boundary conditions to the HNM. Three cases were simulated for three impact severities: the baseline repostured HNM, the HNM including muscle pre-tension, and the HNM with muscle pre-tension and muscle activation. The head kinematics, vertebral kinematics, muscle strains, and three neck injury criteria were calculated to assess injury risk. The kinematic response of the neck model demonstrated an S-shaped pattern, followed by extension in the rear impact cases. The maximum kinetics, kinematics, and muscle strains occurred later in the impact during the extension phase. The distribution and magnitude of muscle strain depended on muscle pre-tension and activation, and the largest predicted strains occurred at locations associated with muscle injury reported in the literature. The HNM with muscle pre-tension and muscle activation provides a tool to assess rear impact response and could inform injury mitigation strategies in the future.
Impact Location Dependence of Behind Armor Blunt Trauma Injury Assessed using a Human Body Finite Element Model
(American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), 2024-01-29) Bustamante, Michael C.; Cronin, Duane S.
Behind Armor Blunt Trauma (BABT), resulting from dynamic deformation of protective ballistic armor into the thorax, is currently assessed assuming a constant threshold of maximum backface deformation (44 mm). Although assessed for multiple impacts on the same armor, testing is focused on armor performance (shot-to-edge and shot-to-shot) without consideration of the underlying location on the thorax. Previous studies identified the importance of impacts over organs of animal surrogates wearing soft armor. However, the effect of impact location was not quantified outside the threshold of 44 mm. In the present study, a validated biofidelic advanced human thorax model (50th percentile male) was utilized to assess the BABT outcome from varying impact location. The thorax model was dynamically loaded using a method developed for re-creating BABT impacts, and BABT events within the range of real-world impact severities and locations were simulated. It was found that thorax injury depended on impact location for the same BFDs. Generally, impacts over high compliance locations (anterolateral rib cage) yielded increased thoracic compression and loading on the lungs leading to pulmonary lung contusion. Impacts at low compliance locations (top of sternum) yielded hard tissue fractures. Injuries to the sternum, ribs, and lungs were predicted at BFDs lower than 44 mm for low compliance locations. Location-based injury risk curves demonstrated greater accuracy in injury prediction. This study quantifies the importance of impact location on BABT injury severity and demonstrates the need for consideration of location in future armor design and assessment.
The necessity of motoric engagement in enhancingroute memory
(British Psychological Society, 2025-07-03) Sivashankar, Yadurshana; He, Philip; Tsapoitis, Patrick; Skorski, Evan; Fernandes, Myra A.
The relative contribution of decision-making and motor engagement at encoding, on route memory, was examined using virtual reality (VR). During encoding, participants explored 12 virtual environments for 40 s each. Navigation strategy during encoding was manipulated within-subjects. On Active trials, participants made decisions about their route of travel. On Guided trials, they followed a pre-determined path overlaid on the road, removing the need for decision-making. On Passive trials, participants sim-ply viewed a set route, without initiating decision-making nor engaging movement during encoding. Following exploration of each environment, participants were asked to ‘re-trace their steps’ using the exact route they had just travelled. We also manipulated type of VR implementation(Desktop VR, Headset VR) between subjects. Movement in a Desktop-VR group was controlled via keyboard input, limiting motoric engagement. Movement in a Headset-VR group occurred using a VR-compatible steering wheel, re-quiring relatively greater motoric engagement. We found an effect of navigation strategy only in the Headset-VR group:route memory was significantly better following Active and Guided relative to Passive trials. Memory did not differ following Active relative to Guided trial types, suggesting that decision-making does not underlie the memory benefit. We suggest route memory is enhanced when initiating physical movement during encoding.
Symbolism itself does not improve memory for elements on the periodic table
(Nature, 2025-02-04) Roberts, Brady R. T.; Tran, Sophia H. N.; Fernandes, Myra A.
Recent work demonstrates that symbols (e.g., $) are reliably better remembered than their word counterparts (e.g., ‘dollar’). It remains an open question whether the memory benefit observed for symbols is due to their unique visual form, or because they offer a symbolic representation of to-be-remembered information. Here, we assessed memory for symbols on the periodic table of elements, which could be presented in symbol format (e.g., H) or word format (e.g., Hydrogen), and compared both to memory for meaningless letters (e.g., J). These stimuli were selected because they all share the same visual features and the former two share the same meaning. Memory was compared across individuals with and without a background in chemistry. In non-experts, memory was highest for words relative to symbols and meaningless letters. In experts (students who had passed an introductory chemistry course), however, memory for words and symbols was equivalent, with both higher than for meaningless letters. Results suggest that prior knowledge of what a symbol means is necessary to gain a memory benefit over semantically-void information, but is not enough to boost memory relative to words. We suggest that using a concrete visual symbol to represent an abstract concept is not enough to confer a memory advantage relative to words; a meaningful and visually distinctive symbol may be necessary.
Encouraging Registered Reports at the Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology (CJEP): An Invited Tutorial by Oshiro et al. (2024)
(American Psychological Association, 2024-11-11) Titone, Debra; Dyson, Ben; Fernandes, Myra; Joanisse, Marc
Continuing Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology’s ongoing commitment to Open Science, we invited Oshiro et al. (2024) to submit a peer-reviewed tutorial of the typical format and to offer key pieces of advice when preparing Registered Reports.
Motoric engagement, but not decision-making, during encoding influences route memory
(Taylor & Francis, 2024-05-30) Sivashankar, Yadurshana; He, Philip; Sauzéon, Hélène; Fernandes, Myra. A.
Navigation aids limit the need for decision-making, possibly hindering memory for routes traveled. We manipulated type of navigation at encoding, within virtual-reality. In the Active condition participants self-initiated decision-making about routes, to find a target, and in the Guided condition followed a pre-defined path overlaid onto virtual streets. In both, they had volitional control using hand-held controllers, allowing head and body rotation in a swivel chair. In the Passive condition they viewed a pre-defined route, with no control of movement. At retrieval, participants were asked to reproduce their exact route from the initial starting point. Route memory was better following Active and Guided encoding than Passive. A visual navigation aid does not impair route memory if volitional movement is maintained.
A case for using methods from natural science in advancing the field of cognitive neuroscience
(Sage, 2024-07-26) Fernandes, Myra A.
Cognitive neuroscience seeks to pinpoint the neural basis of cognitive function. Application of scientific methods can be credited for its advancement within the field of psychology. Past approaches such as phrenology, that linked bumps on the skull to mental capabilities, initially gained popularity, but the lack of experimental testing contributed to its demise. Research in neuropsychology and the use of the double dissociation experimental technique subsequently emerged. Objective measurements of behaviour following selective damage within the brain led to a paradigm shift. More recently, application of the subtraction technique, coupled with the emergence of cognitive neuroimaging tools, has allowed psychologists to isolate and measure specific functions such as language, vision, memory, and recognition of emotion. Importantly, these approaches enable reliable prediction of behaviours, given parameters of brain integrity, a key goal within the field of psychology.

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