The Governance of Global Sand Mining

Abstract

Sand mining is a global ecological and social sustainability challenge. Greater attention to the governance of sand mining is urgently required to address these challenges. Based on a Delphi survey of global experts, this thesis investigates the ecological and social benefits and costs of sand mining, assesses governance opportunities and challenges, and examines the potential knowledge gaps and solutions for sand governance. The Delphi survey was conducted over two rounds. 12 individuals participated in the first round while 11 individuals participated in the second round.

Major findings show no ecological benefits to sand mining and several impacts, including accelerated erosion and threats to wildlife. The social impacts include compromises to resource-dependent livelihoods, infrastructure collapse, health and safety risks, illegal mining networks, and corruption. The social benefits, which include infrastructure development and employment opportunities, do not offset these risks. The lack of awareness of both sand mining and its associated costs, coupled with poor enforcement and monitoring of policy, are identified as significant governance gaps and should be addressed to improve the sustainability of sand mining. Future research should prioritize studies to understand the large-scale and long-term impacts of sand mining and to investigate illegal mining activities and corruption. Finally, the establishment of a global governance framework, including standardized certification, should be established and directed by a mediating organization to work toward the collective interests of all stakeholders.

This thesis contributes to the existing knowledge of sand mining while also increasing awareness. Additionally, identifying the governance gaps may help to improve the implementation of a global governance framework. Ultimately, this research advocates for increased awareness of the ecological and social challenges and dimensions of sand mining through increased education and research, as well as an improved global governance framework to develop sustainability of the industry.