Constructing call graphs of Scala programs

Abstract

As Scala gains popularity, there is growing interest in programming tools for it. Such tools often require call graphs. However, call graph construction algorithms in the literature do not handle Scala features, such as traits and abstract type members. Applying existing call graph construction algorithms to the JVM bytecodes generated by the Scala compiler produces very imprecise results due to type information being lost during compilation. We adapt existing call graph construction algorithms, Name-Based Resolution (RA) and Rapid Type Analysis (RTA), for Scala, and present a formalization based on Featherweight Scala. We evaluate our algorithms on a collection of Scala programs. Our results show that careful handling of complex Scala constructs greatly helps precision and that our most precise analysis generates call graphs with 1.1-3.7 times fewer nodes and .5-18.7 times fewer edges than a bytecode-based RTA analysis.