Dodging Monsters and Dancing with Dreams: Success and Failure at Different Levels of Approach and Avoidance
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Date
2013-07-01
Authors
Scholer, Abigail A.
Higgins, E. Tory
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
SAGE Publications
Abstract
Many models of motivation suggest that goals can be arranged in a hierarchy, ranging from higher-level goals that represent desired end-states to lower-level means that operate in the service of those goals. We present a hierarchical model that distinguishes between three levels—goals, strategies, and tactics—and between approach/avoidance and regulatory focus motivations at different levels. We focus our discussion on how this hierarchical framework sheds light on the different ways that success and failure are defined within the promotion and prevention systems outlined in regulatory focus theory. Specifically, we review research that demonstrates that differences in what “counts” as success versus failure in these systems have important implications for motivational strength, emotional responses, and risky behavior.
Description
To view the final version of this © The Authors, SAGE publication go here: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754073913477506
Keywords
Regulatory Focus, Approach, Avoidance, Self-Regulatory Hierarchy