Microwave plasma synthesis of graphene and its laser-optical in situ characterization
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Date
2022-09-27
Authors
Musikhin, Stanislav
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
University of Waterloo
Abstract
Graphene and its derivatives possess exceptional electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties, which enable the use of these materials in numerous existing and emerging applications. Accordingly, large-scale graphene produc-tion is needed to fulfill the expected demand for this material. However, the current examples of graphene mass fabrication through top-down scalable approaches, e.g., liquid-phase exfoliation and chemical graphene oxide reduction, are incapable of consistently producing graphene at the quality levels needed to exploit its unique properties in applications.
Gas-phase microwave-assisted synthesis of free-standing few-layer graphene is a promising technique for the economical production of high-quality material. The gas-phase approach makes the method continuous, scal-able, and highly tunable. However, little is known about the underlying physical and chemical processes, e.g., the kinetics of graphene formation and growth or the flakes morphology in the aerosol phase. This information is required to characterize and optimize production. Currently, the synthesis parameters are usually found empiri-cally, through a combination of trial-and-error parametric studies and ex situ materials characterization, which is time-consuming and often intrusive. There is a corresponding need to develop measurement tools that can help to build a fundamental understanding of the synthesis process, monitor the quality of produced graphene in situ, and ultimately find ways to increase yield while maintaining graphene high quality. On the other hand, the in-creasing production rates of graphene aerosols lead to occupational exposure and potential adverse health effects. Hence, reliable aerosol morphology characterization is critical to the regulation of graphene aerosol production and handling.
This thesis seeks to deploy laser-optical in situ diagnostics to assess the aforementioned challenges. Time-resolved laser-induced incandescence (TiRe-LII) technique is applied to graphene aerosols for the first time to measure the graphene volume fraction and specific surface area in situ. Moreover, the TiRe-LII enables distin-guishing between graphene flakes and soot particles, which are often formed during the synthesis as the unde-sired by-product. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) absorption spectroscopy is used as an in situ line-of-sight technique to measure gaseous species involved in graphene synthesis. The laser-optical diagnostics were comple-mented with chemical kinetics simulations and mass spectrometry measurements to reveal the factors playing a major role in graphene formation kinetics. Additionally, the optical properties and morphology of synthesized graphene flakes were characterized using aerosol diagnostics and numerical simulations. Consequently, the con-nection between the graphene morphology and optical properties was established, and the spectroscopic model of crumpled graphene flakes was developed.
Description
Keywords
graphene, FTIR, LII, laser diagnostics