The Information Locally Stored in Quantum Fields: From Entanglement to Gravity

Abstract

This thesis contains a local study of quantum field theory from fundamental, operational, and practical perspectives, with the primary goal of investigating the information that can be locally extracted from quantum fields. Central to this discussion is how the fundamental interactions of quantum fields give rise to the very objects that allow us to probe them. We approach this problem through the concept of localized quantum fields, which naturally reduce to local probes with finitely many degrees of freedom that can be accessed in realistic experiments.

Building on this detailed description of localized probes, we apply these to explore two key aspects of the information locally stored in quantum fields: entanglement and gravity. In the study of entanglement, we explore the quantification of accessible vacuum entanglement between two finite regions of spacetime. Our discussion contains both a first-principles approach based on local field degrees of freedom and an operational framework, wherein we consider the entanglement that can be harvested by coupling local probes to independent degrees of freedom of the field.

The study of entanglement in quantum field theory also leads us to classify the regimes where the quantum degrees of freedom of a field play an active role. Through the use of an effective quantum-controlled model, we show that the quantum degrees of freedom of mediating fields are only relevant in relativistic setups involving either high energies or interactions that are sufficiently localized in spacetime. In setups where these conditions are not met, a simplified effective model can accurately describe interactions while still incorporating some key relativistic elements.

Finally, we will discuss the gravitational information locally stored in quantum fields. Specifically, we will show that the correlations of quantum fields contain full information about the geometry of spacetime, and how to physically access these degrees of freedom. While the fact that quantum fields store full gravitational information might suggest the possibility of a theory in which gravity emerges directly from quantum correlations, we speculate that gravity may instead be emergent from the entanglement in quantum field theory.