Surficial Materials Mapping using Remote Sensing and Classification Methods: A Geological Knowledge and Statistical Approach

Abstract

Mapping the geology of Northern regions in Canada is an essential step in providing key knowledge for resource development and economic prosperity of northern communities. However, mapping this large remote region presents a major challenge both in terms of financial resources and the time required to cover such a large area. With convenient access to remotely sensed imagery, new automatic and remote approaches are emerging that support the surficial geological mapping of vast northern regions at scales appropriate for mineral exploration and related land-use management.

An approach using LANDSAT 7 TM imagery, field-based data and a maximum likelihood classification algorithm is employed to produce remote predictive maps of the surficial materials in the Repulse Bay area, Nunavut (NTS 46M-SW, 46L-W and S and 46K-SW). Two approaches in the remote predictive mapping (RPM) process are used to determine the optimal class combination and resultant maps. The first approach employs general and field knowledge from Quaternary geologists to the map evaluation. This approach allows training areas to be grouped and merged based on Quaternary geology principles. The second approach uses statistical techniques to produce classified maps based on training areas along with measures of classification accuracy. These qualitative (geological knowledge-based) and quantitative (statistical-based) methods are used and compared to determine optimal class combinations. Four classification maps that offer the highest overall classification accuracies - through analysis of a confusion matrix and associated variability maps - were produced (two for each approach). Exposed marine sediments, carbonate-rich tills, organics and boulder terrains are the most accurately (>75%) classified of the surficial materials classes; confusion occurs between remaining till, sand and gravel, and bedrock units. Variability maps were produced using these optimal class combinations and corresponding classifications, through which it is found that the geological knowledge-based approach is more suitable for remotely mapping surficial materials in this study area.

A comparison to surficial materials maps derived from surficial geology maps was conducted with results of classification outputs using the most optimal class combinations with LANDSAT and SPOT 4/5 imagery. This visual and GIS analysis comparison allowed for evaluation of the classification products, while an overlay analysis compared a pixel-to-pixel correspondence between the maps. Although it is found that both imageries are useful for mapping marine and alluvial sediments, it has limitations in mapping organic materials, till and bedrock. It is apparent that LANDSAT imagery is more appropriate for general mapping while SPOT is better suited for mapping marine sediments.