New insight into the allosteric effect of L-tyrosine on mushroom tyrosinase during L-dopa production

Abstract

Kinetics studies of L-tyrosine (LTy) ortho-hydroxylation by mushroom tyrosinase (MT) confirmed that MT was severely, but not completely, inhibited at higher concentrations of LTy. Despite the availability of the crystal structure reports, no allosteric site has been identified on MT. To examine the assumption that a non-specific binding site works as a regulatory site, docking simulations were run for the second molecule of L-tyrosine (LTy(2)) on the complexes of the first L-tyrosine molecule (LTy(1)) with the heavy chain (H) of MT (LTy(1)/HMT) and its dimer with the light chain (Ty(1)/LHMT). In both, LTy(2) occupied a non-specific binding site (MTPc). MD simulations revealed LTy(2)/HMT/LTy(1) and LTy(2)/LHMT/LTy(1) were stable. Binding free-energy analysis supported the formation of LTy(2)/HMT/LTy(1) and LTy(2)/LHMT/LTy(1) at higher concentrations of LTy and disclosed the importance of Delta E-elec and Delta G(polar) during binding of LTy(2) to MTPc. Upon LTy(2) binding to MTPc, the Cu-Cu distance remained unchanged while the spatial position of LTy(1) in the active site (MTPa) changed so that it would not be able to participate in ortho-hydroxylation. This study suggests a tuning role for L chain during binding of the ligands to MTPa and MTPc. Given these results, a plausible mechanism was proposed for the MT substrate inhibition.