Development and Characterization of Soymilk Okara Gels Modified by Citric Acid
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Date
2023-12-04
Authors
Nguyen, Minh Xuan
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
University of Waterloo
Abstract
Okara, a valuable resource rich in fiber (53 – 58 %), protein (25 – 28 %), and lipids (9 – 11 %), also contains significant isoflavones and essential minerals, offering nutritional and health benefits. Recent research aims to enhance its utilization in high-fiber tofu, however, the incorporation of okara in soymilk for the gelation results in a heterogeneous, gritty network structure due to its high water absorbing capacity and large particle size. The present study aimed to explore the effects of citric acid (CA) modified okara materials on the characterization of soymilk okara gels as well as gain understanding of the underlying mechanisms of okara modification and soymilk gelation. Initially, okara was modified with CA solutions at concentrations ranging from 2.5 to 10 %, followed by the heat-induced gelation with soymilk at 95 °C. With the modification of okara by 2.5 % CA solution, soymilk okara gels exhibited increase in level of homogeneity and hydrophobic protein-protein interactions, indicating an improvement in the compatibility between okara and soymilk gel. This finding might be attributed to the extensive okara fiber degradation, release of pectin and formation of amphiphilic protein-polysaccharides conjugates via Maillard reaction, as confirmed by TGA and FTIR. When increasing the CA concentration from 2.5 to 5 and 10 %, the soymilk okara gels exhibited even higher levels of homogeneity, accompanied with the reduction in viscoelasticity by around 4 times and in hydrophobic protein-protein interactions from 62.8 to 37.2 mg protein/g sample. Concurrently, the water holding capacity (72 – 80 %) and mechanical properties including true fracture stress (1400 – 1700 Pa) and Young’s modulus (7000 – 10000 Pa) remained similar. Additionally, at the micro-scale, soymilk okara gels modified by CA exhibited a particulate protein matrix, compared to fine-stranded structure observed in gels without CA, which might be attributed to the unreacted CA’s effect on protein during the gelation process.