Browsing by Author "Ensor, Tyler M."

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Productions need not match study items to confer a production advantage, but it helps.
(Hogrefe, 2024) Kelly, Megan O.; Lu, Xinyi; Ensor, Tyler M.; MacLeod, Colin M.; Risko, Evan F.
The production effect is the finding that, relative to silent reading, producing information at study (e.g., reading aloud) leads to a benefit in memory. In most studies of this effect, individuals are presented with a set of unique items, and they produce a subset of these items (e.g., they are presented with the to-be-remembered target item TABLE and produce “table”) such that the production is both unique and representative of the target. Across two preregistered experiments, we examined the influence of a production that is unique but that does not match the target (e.g., producing “fence” to the target TABLE, producing “car” to the target TREE, and so on). This kind of production also yielded a significant effect—the mismatching production effect—although it was smaller than the standard production effect (i.e., when productions are both unique and representative of their targets) and was detectable only when targets with "standard" productions were included in the same study phase (i.e., when the type of production was manipulated within participant). We suggest that target-production matching is an important precursor to the production effect, and that the kind of production that brings about a benefit depends on the other productions that are present.
Reducing retrieval time modulates the production effect: Empirical evidence and computational accounts.
(Elsevier, 2022) Kelly, Megan O.; Ensor, Tyler M.; Lu, Xinyi; MacLeod, Colin M.; Risko, Evan F.
Memory is reliably better for information read aloud relative to information read silently—the production effect. Three preregistered experiments examined whether the production effect arises from a more time-consuming retrieval process operating at test that benefits items that were produced at study. Participants studied items either aloud or silently and then completed a recognition test which required responding within a short deadline, under the assumption that a time-consuming retrieval process would be less able to operate when less time was available. Results generally supported this prediction. Even under speeded responding instructions, however, there was a robust production effect, suggesting that other, more rapid, processes also contribute to the production effect. Based on two extant verbal accounts, a computational model of the production effect using REM is introduced.
The prod eff: Partially producing items moderates the production effect.
(Springer, 2024) Kelly, Megan O.; Ensor, Tyler M.; MacLeod, Colin M.; Risko, Evan F.
Current accounts of the production effect suggest that production leads to the encoding of additional production-associated features and/or better feature encoding. Thus, if it is the act of production that leads to the storage and/or enhanced encoding of these features, then less of this act should reduce the resulting production effect. In two experiments, we provide a direct test of his idea by manipulating how much of a given item is produced within a single mode of production (typing). Results demonstrate that such partial production can yield a significant production effect that is smaller than the effect that emerges from producing the entire item. These results suggest that how much of an item is produced can moderate the size of the production effect and are considered in the context of recent modelling efforts.