Seeburrun, TanviHartlen, Devon C.Bustamante, Michael B.St-Onge, GabrielOuellet, SimonCronin, Duane S.2026-06-232026-06-232026-06-12doi.org/10.1115/1.4071976https://hdl.handle.net/10012/23659Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) symptoms have been associated with repeated exposure to the recoil of long-range rifles. However, there is limited physical data on head responses to rifle recoil and no consistent approach to quantitatively compare rifle configurations that may mitigate head response to recoil. In this study, the head kinematics of Canadian Armed Forces volunteers firing long-range rifles were measured and used as input to a finite element (FE) head model, enabling comparisons across different operators and rifle configurations. Head kinematics were measured with instrumented mouthguards for three rifle configurations: a 0.50 caliber rifle, a 0.338 caliber rifle, and a 0.338 caliber rifle with a recoil mitigation system (RMS). Measured head kinematics were used as input loading conditions to an FE head model to calculate brain tissue strains resulting from recoil, which were quantified using cumulative strain volume (CSV) curves. It was found that the 0.50 caliber rifle induced significantly higher strains than the 0.338 caliber rifle, while the RMS system reduced brain strain for the 0.338 caliber rifle. Characteristics such as differing anthropometrics, posture, or technique may influence brain strains, explaining the differences between volunteers. Isolating aspects of head kinematics, specifically rotation in the sagittal plane, identified it as having the largest contribution to brain strain. The findings from this study provide foundational data on the magnitudes of head kinematics experienced by volunteers when firing long-range rifles and serve as an important step toward mitigation of recoil exposures.enbrain strainrifle recoilfinite element head modelhead kinematic responsemild traumatic brain injuryoccupational injuryinstrumented mouthguardlong-range rifleArticle