Snopek, Ryan2023-01-262023-01-262023-01-262023-01-24http://hdl.handle.net/10012/19126This work reassesses the origins of the idea of humanity’s destiny in outer space, examining the development of popular enthusiasm about extraterrestrial life and reincarnation in Europe and America from the early nineteenth century to the early twentieth century. It connects popular interest in the afterlife to transcendental and spiritualistic perceptions of outer space, which originated as mystical and theological ideas which over the course of the nineteenth century became increasingly secular and scientific. The result was a utopian view of humanity’s future on other planets, one which transformed from the spiritual to the physical and inspired early rocket pioneers to seriously theorise and advocate for spaceflight, leading to the ultimate achievement of this goal in the 1960s.enouter spacespiritualismAmerican historyFrench historyRussian historyintellectual history19th centuryreincarnationextraterrestrial lifeMarsspaceflightMaster Thesis