Kelly, Megan O.Ensor, Tyler M.Lu, XinyiMacLeod, Colin M.Risko, Evan F.2025-07-022025-07-022022https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2021.104299https://hdl.handle.net/10012/21930This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Kelly, M. O., Ensor, T. M., Lu, X., MacLeod, C. M., & Risko, E. F. (2022). Reducing retrieval time modulates the production effect: Empirical evidence and computational accounts. Journal of Memory and Language, 123, 104299., which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2021.104299. ©2022. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/Memory is reliably better for information read aloud relative to information read silently—the production effect. Three preregistered experiments examined whether the production effect arises from a more time-consuming retrieval process operating at test that benefits items that were produced at study. Participants studied items either aloud or silently and then completed a recognition test which required responding within a short deadline, under the assumption that a time-consuming retrieval process would be less able to operate when less time was available. Results generally supported this prediction. Even under speeded responding instructions, however, there was a robust production effect, suggesting that other, more rapid, processes also contribute to the production effect. Based on two extant verbal accounts, a computational model of the production effect using REM is introduced.enAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internationalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/Article